Force Calculations

force push pull wrestlers

 

Force is push or pull.

 

Forces on an object are usually balanced

When forces are unbalanced the object accelerates:

Balanced Forces
forces balanced
No Acceleration
 
Unbalanced Forces
forces unbalanced
Acceleration

Example: The forces at the top of this bridge tower are in balance (it is not accelerating):

suspension bridge

The cables pull downwards equally to the left and right, and that is balanced by the tower's upwards push. (Does the tower push? Yes! Imagine you stand there instead of the tower.)

We can model the forces like this:

suspension bridge forces

And when we put them head-to-tail we see they close back on themselves, meaning the net effect is zero:

suspension bridge forces
The forces are in balance.

Forces in balance are said to be in equilibrium: there is also no change in motion.

Free Body Diagrams

The first step is to draw a Free Body Diagram (also called a Force Diagram)

Free Body Diagram: A sketch where a body is cut free from the world except for the forces acting on it.

In the bridge example the free body diagram for the top of the tower is:

suspension bridge free body
Free Body Diagram

It helps us to think clearly about the forces acting on the body.

Example: Car on a Highway

What are the forces on a car cruising down the highway?

car moving

The engine is working hard, so why doesn't the car continue to accelerate?

Because the driving force is balanced by:

  • Air resistance (put simply: the air resists being pushed around),
  • Rolling resistance, also called rolling friction (the tires resist having their shape changed)

Like this:

car forces: driving, weight, air, tires
Free Body Diagram

W is the car's weight,

R1 and R2 are the rolling resistance of the tires,

N1 and N2 are the reaction forces (balancing out the car's weight).

Note: steel wheels (like on trains) have less rolling resistance, but are way too slippery on the road!

Calculations

Force is a vector. A vector has magnitude (size) and direction:

vector magnitude and direction

We can model the forces by drawing arrows of the correct size and direction. Like this:

Example: Admiring the View

Jade stands on the edge of a balcony supported by a horizontal beam and a strut:

force on beam with strut at 60 degrees

 

Jade weighs 80kg.

What are the forces?

 

Let's think about the forces at the end of the beam:

free body diagram person on beam with strut at 60 degrees

Weight

Jade's 80 kg mass creates a downward force due to Gravity.

Force is mass times acceleration: F = ma

The acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.81 m/s2, so a = 9.81 m/s2

F = 80 kg × 9.81 m/s2

F = 785 N

The Other Forces

The forces are balanced, so they should close back on themselves like this:

force beam strut

We can use trigonometry to solve it.
Because it is a right-angled triangle, SOHCAHTOA will help.

For the Beam, we know the Adjacent, we want to know the Opposite, and "TOA" tells us to use Tangent:

tan(60°) = Beam/785 N

Beam/785 N = tan(60°)

Beam = tan(60°) × 785 N

Beam = 1.732... × 785 N = 1360 N

For the Strut, we know the Adjacent, we want to know the Hypotenuse, and "CAH" tells us to use Cosine:

cos(60°) = 785 N / Strut

Strut × cos(60°) = 785 N

Strut = 785 N / cos(60°)

Strut = 785 N / 0.5 = 1570 N

Solved:

force beam 1360 strut 1570

Interesting how much force is on the beam and strut compared to the weight being supported!

Torque (or Moment)

What if the beam is just stuck into the wall (called a cantilever)?

force man cantilever

There is no supporting strut, so what happens to the forces?

The Free Body Diagram looks like this:

force cantilever free body diagram

The upwards force R balances the downwards Weight.

With only those two forces the beam will spin like a propeller! But there is also a "turning effect" M called Moment (or Torque) that balances it out:

Moment: Force times the Distance at right angles.

We know the Weight is 785 N, and we also need to know the distance at right angles, which in this case is 3.2 m.

M = 785 N x 3.2 m = 2512 Nm

And that moment is what stops the beam from rotating.

moment on fishing rod

 

You can feel moment when holding onto a fishing rod.

As well as holding up its weight you have to stop it from rotating downwards.

Friction

Box on a Ramp

forces box on 20 degress incline: W, f, R

The box weighs 100 kg.

The friction force is enough to keep it where it is.

The reaction force R is at right angles to the ramp.

The box is not accelerating, so the forces are in balance:

force diagram:  W, f, R

The 100 kg mass creates a downward force due to Gravity:

W = 100 kg × 9.81 m/s2 = 981 N

 

We can use SOHCAHTOA to solve the triangle.

Friction f:

sin(20°) = f/981 N

f = sin(20°) × 981 N = 336 N

Reaction N:

cos(20°) = R/981 N

R = cos(20°) × 981 N = 922 N

And we get:

force diagram:  W=981N, f=336N, R=922N

Tips for Drawing Free Body Diagrams

Sam and Alex Pull a Box

The calculations can sometimes be easier when we turn magnitude and direction into x and y:

vector polar <=> vector cartesian
Vector a in Polar
Coordinates
  Vector a in Cartesian
Coordinates

You can read how to convert them at Polar and Cartesian Coordinates, but here is a quick summary:

From Polar Coordinates (r,θ)
to Cartesian Coordinates (x,y)
  From Cartesian Coordinates (x,y)
to Polar Coordinates (r,θ)
  • x = r × cos( θ )
  • y = r × sin( θ )
 
  • r = √ ( x2 + y2 )
  • θ = tan-1 ( y / x )

Let's use them!

vector example: 2 people pulling box

Example: Pulling a Box

Sam and Alex are pulling a box (viewed from above):

  • Sam pulls with 200 Newtons of force at 60°
  • Alex pulls with 120 Newtons of force at 45° as shown

What is the combined force, and its direction?

Let us add the two vectors head to tail:

vector example: 200 at 60, 120 at 45

First convert from polar to Cartesian (to 2 decimals):

Sam's Vector:

  • x = r × cos( θ ) = 200 × cos(60°) = 200 × 0.5 = 100
  • y = r × sin( θ ) = 200 × sin(60°) = 200 × 0.8660 = 173.21

Alex's Vector:

  • x = r × cos( θ ) = 120 × cos(−45°) = 120 × 0.7071 = 84.85
  • y = r × sin( θ ) = 120 × sin(−45°) = 120 × -0.7071 = −84.85

Now we have:

vector example: force components

Add them:

(100, 173.21) + (84.85, −84.85) = (184.85, 88.36)

That answer is valid, but let's convert back to polar as the question was in polar:

  • r = √ ( x2 + y2 ) = √ ( 184.852 + 88.362 ) = 204.88
  • θ = tan-1 ( y / x ) = tan-1 ( 88.36 / 184.85 ) = 25.5°

And we have this (rounded) result:
vector example: forces in trianle

And it looks like this for Sam and Alex:
vector example: combined forces

They might get a better result if they were shoulder-to-shoulder!

Elevator

And here is an example using Newton's Second Law:

F = ma
pulley and elevator

Example: Elevator Ride

You are in a free-running elevator held up by a weight on a pulley.

  • You and the elevator together weigh 150kg
  • The weight is 125kg

Are you in danger? What will your acceleration be?

Let's start with F = ma

We want to know acceleration so let's rearrange that into:

a = Fm

The total mass that is being accelerated is 150 kg + 125 kg = 275 kg

The force, though, is created only by the difference between weights:

Weight difference = 150 kg − 125 kg = 25 kg

With gravity (g=9.8 m/s2) that makes a force of:

Force = 25 kg × 9.8 m/s2 = 245 N

Let's plug our values in!

a = Fm = 245 N275 kg = 0.89 m/s2

So less than a tenth of gravity's acceleration, just don't fall too far!

(What if the weight was 160 kg?, or 200 kg?)

 

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