Arithmetic Sequences and Sums

Sequence

A sequence is a set of things (usually numbers) that are in order.

sequence

Each number in a sequence is called a term (or sometimes "element" or "member"), read Sequences and Series for more details.

Arithmetic Sequence

In an arithmetic sequence the difference between one term and the next is a constant.

In other words, we add the same value each time ... infinitely.

Example: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, ...

This sequence has a difference of 3 between each number.
We continue the pattern by adding 3 each time, like this:

arithmetic sequence 1,4,7,10,

In general we can write an arithmetic sequence like this:

{a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ... }

where:

Example (continued): 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, ...

Has:

  • a = 1 (the first term)
  • d = 3 (the common difference between terms)

And we get:

{a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ... }

{1, 1+3, 1+2×3, 1+3×3, ... }

{1, 4, 7, 10, ... }

Rule

We can write an arithmetic sequence as a rule:

xn = a + d(n−1)

(We use "n−1" because d is not used in the 1st term).

Example: find a rule, and calculate the 9th term, for this arithmetic sequence:

3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38, ...

The common difference is 5.

arithmetic sequence 3,8,13,18

The values of a and d are:

  • a = 3 (the first term)
  • d = 5 (the common difference)

Using the arithmetic sequence rule:

xn = a + d(n−1)
= 3 + 5(n−1)
= 3 + 5n − 5
= 5n − 2

So the 9th term is:

x9 =9 − 2
= 43

Is that right? Check for yourself!

Arithmetic sequences are sometimes called arithmetic progressions (A.P.’s)

Advanced Topic: Summing an Arithmetic Series

When we add up the terms of a sequence, it becomes a series.

To sum up the terms of this arithmetic sequence:

a + (a+d) + (a+2d) + (a+3d) + ...

use this formula:

Sigma

What is that funny symbol? It is called Sigma Notation

Σ (called Sigma) means "sum up"

And below and above it are shown the starting and ending values:

Sigma Notation

It says "Sum up n where n goes from 1 to 4". Answer=10

Here is how to use it:

Example: Add the first 10 terms of this sequence:

{ 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ... }

The values of a, d and n are:

  • a = 1 (the first term)
  • d = 3 (the common difference)
  • n = 10 (how many terms to add up)

So:

Sigma

Becomes:

Sigma

= 5(2+9·3) = 5(29) = 145

Check: why don't you add up the terms yourself, and see if it comes to 145

Footnote: Why Does the Formula Work?

Let’s see the cleverness behind the formula.

First, we will call the whole sum "S":

S = a + (a + d) + ... + (a + (n−2)d) + (a + (n−1)d)

Next, rewrite S in reverse order:

S = (a + (n−1)d) + (a + (n−2)d) + ... + (a + d) + a

Now add those two, term by term:

S = a + (a+d) + ... + (a + (n-2)d) + (a + (n-1)d)
S = (a + (n-1)d) + (a + (n-2)d) + ... + (a + d) + a
2S = (2a + (n-1)d) + (2a + (n-1)d) + ... + (2a + (n-1)d) + (2a + (n-1)d)

Each term is the same! And there are "n" of them so ...

2S = n × (2a + (n−1)d)

Now, just divide by 2 and we get:

S = n2 (2a + (n−1)d)

Which is our formula:

Sigma

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